Head and neck development

Optional reading Langman’s Medical Embryology: Chapter 17, Head and Neck. The relevant sections are: Introduction, Pharyngeal Apparatus, Thyroid Gland, and Face. Most of the events that produce the definitive anatomy of the head and neck are covered in this chapter. The pharyngeal apparatus (the source of the primordial tissues) is discussed first, followed by detailed […]

Anti-bacterial agents

On this page Penicillin beta-lactams Cephalosporins Other antibiotics Antituberculars

Anaerobic bacteria

Medically Relevant This is a list of medically relevant bacteria. See the associated entry within the Microbiology and Infectious Disease thread compendium for gram-positive and gram-negative for details. Clostridia Actinomyces Bacteroides Propionibacterium/Cutibacterium acnes Lactobacillus

Atypical bacteria

These bacteria do not conform to the typical gram-positive and gram-negative distinctions, largely due to differences in their cell walls. Their ecologic niche, types of diseases, and immune response are resultantly different as well. Spirochetes Spiral-shaped bacteria. While cell wall structures are technically similar to gram-negative bacteria, most are far too thin to be seen […]

Overview of the neck viscera; thyroid and parathyroid glands

Optional reading Moore, Clinically Oriented Anatomy, 7th ed., Viscera of neck section through Nerves of parathyroid glands. In thinking about the overall architecture of the neck, it can be organized into 4 units: 1. Visceral unit The visceral unit contains the neck’s visceral organs (the focus of this chapter). It is located anteriorly. 2. Vertebral […]

Nutrition

The Nutrition thread is an important part of training future physicians. It lays the groundwork for understanding how diet and health are connected. This part of the curriculum covers the basics—such as how macro- and micronutrients work in the body, how to assess a person’s nutritional status, and how to apply evidence-based dietary guidelines. It […]