Chancroid: Haemophilus ducreyi
Epidemiology Very few cases in the United States Africa, Caribbean, South Pacific Microbiology and pathogenesis Fastidious, gram-negative coccobacillus Microscopic appearance and nutritional requirement for hemin makes it a Haemophilus Not closely related to other members of the genus so will likely be reclassified in the future Strict human pathogen Inoculation through skin breaks Evades phagocytosis […]
Syphilis: Treponema pallidum
Overview Syphilis is an exclusively human microbe. It is a spirochete which causes a variety of clinical manifestations depending on the stage of infection. It is called the “great imitator” because of the wide variety of clinical manifestations and complications. Sir William Osler felt that if you knew syphilis, you would know medicine. In an […]
Sexually transmitted infections (STIs): Genital ulcer disease, papules, and warts (High-yield)
Genital ulcer disease Key Differential A patient with a genital ulcer can usually be differentiated by: Disease Pain Ulcer Appearance Lymph Nodes Organism HSV Painful Multiple vesicles → shallow ulcers Tender HSV-2 most common for genital ulcers Primary syphilis Painless Single indurated chancre Nontender, rubbery Treponema pallidum Chancroid Very painful Soft ragged ulcer with purulent […]
Sexually transmitted infections (STIs): Urethritis, cervicitis, vaginitis, and PID (High-yield)
Urethritis/Cervicitis: Syndromic approach Many are asymptomatic, especially in females Men Dysuria Thin mucoid discharge Pelvic pain Women Postcoital bleeding Mucopurulent discharge PID: look for cervical motion tenderness Think Chlamydia trachomatis (D-K) → most common cause Neisseria gonorrhoeae Less commonly: Mycoplasma genitalium Trichomonas HSV Chlamydia trachomatis (D-K) Key features Elementary body ↔ reticulate body Reactive arthritis […]
Microbiology and Infectious Disease high-yield materials
Year 1 Introduction to bacteria: Classification and structure Bacterial classification (Phenotypic) Gram Stain: Differentiates based on cell wall structure. Morphology: Cocci, bacilli, curved rods, clusters, chains. Growth Requirements: Oxygen tolerance (aerobes vs anaerobes). Biochemical Reactions: Catalase, coagulase, oxidase, lactose fermentation. Serologic Systems: Group A vs B Strep (based on surface antigens). Gram stain mechanism […]
Genital Herpes (Herpes Simplex virus: HSV-2, HSV-1)
See the session on Herpes Viruses in FMS502 for review. HSV-1 and HSV-2 Designation Common Name Transmission Primary Infection Site Disease Latent Infection Site HHV-1 Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) Close contact Mucoepithelial cells Oral (fever blisters), ocular lesions; encephalitis Nerve ganglia HHV-2 Herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2) Close contactSexual transmission Mucoepithelial cells Genital, anal […]
Sexually transmitted infections: A complete guide
The terms STIs (sexually transmitted infections) and STDs (sexually transmitted diseases) are interchangeable. However, more authors now favor using STI because not all “infections” are manifest as “disease”—that is they are not clinically evident or symptomatic. A note on terminology One preventative method that applies to all STIs discussed here is “safer sex,” which refers […]
Bone and joint infections
Learning goals Describe the microbiologic agents of bone and joint infections, including age-specific and risk-factor-related pathogens Describe the pathophysiology of osteomyelitis and septic arthritis in terms of risk factors, routes of infection, and anatomic sites Describe the clinical manifestations and diagnostic approach for the different clinical forms of osteomyelitis (acute, chronic, diabetic foot infection) Describe […]
Miscellaneous antibiotics
Learning goals Compare and contrast the mechanism of action and spectrum of activity of the glycopeptides (e.g., vancomycin), the lipopeptides (e.g., daptomycin), and beta-lactams Describe the common clinical uses, adverse effects, and monitoring for vancomycin and daptomycin Describe the mechanism of action, spectrum of activity, common clinical uses, and adverse effects of the fluoroquinolones Describe […]
Spirochetes
Learning goals Describe the distinctive microbiologic and pathogenic features of spirochetes Describe the epidemiology, clinical features, complications, diagnosis, and treatment of leptospirosis Compare and contrast the epidemiology, clinical features, cardinal clinical findings, and treatment for primary, early, and late stage Lyme disease Describe the stages of syphilis including clinical manifestations, interpretation of diagnostic tests, and […]