Antibiotics: Beta-lactams
Learning goals Compare and contrast the mechanism of action, spectrum of activity, main clinical uses, and toxicities of the four main subclasses of beta-lactams Describe the mechanisms of resistance used by gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria against the various beta-lactam antibiotics Name the beta-lactamase inhibitors and describe their role and limitations as an antimicrobial Name beta-lactams […]
Endocarditis
Learning goals Describe the classification, predisposing factors, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and diagnosis of infective endocarditis (IE) Compare and contrast the common microbiologic causes for acute, subacute, native, and prosthetic valve endocarditis Describe the pharmacologic treatment of infective endocarditis and conditions where surgery is considered Required study materials These are required materials that will help maximize […]
Gram-positive cocci
Learning goals Classify staphylococci and streptococci species according to their microbiologic properties (morphologic features, chemical and/or antigenic identification, and antimicrobial resistance mechanisms) Compare and contrast the pathogenesis, virulence factors, and clinical presentation of infections due to Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase negative staphylococcus Compare and contrast the environmental niches and most common clinical diseases associated with […]
Urinary tract infections (UTIs)
Learning goals Compare epidemiology, microbiology, pathogenesis, and host risk factors for cystitis, pyelonephritis, and health-care associated urinary infections Compare and contrast the clinical presentations, diagnosis, treatment approach, and potential complications for cystitis, pyelonephritis, and prostatitis This session covers the clinical entity of urinary tract infections and will build off of concepts/learning in the session on […]
Gram-negative bacteria: Systemic and urinary pathogens (“The all stars”)
Learning goals Compare and contrast the microbiologic characteristics, pathogenic features, and diseases associated with Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus, and Klebsiella pneumoniae Compare and contrast the virulence factors and clinical diseases associated with the six pathogenic types of Escherichia coli Describe cellular features of gram-negative bacteria and the immune response to invasive gram-negative infections This […]
Orbital eye infections
Learning goals Describe the clinical presentation and microbiology of common etiologies for blepharitis, hordeolum, conjunctivitis, and keratitis Describe the clinical findings and microbiologic origins of chorioretinitis and use clinical history and examination findings to differentiate microbiologic causes Compare and contrast periorbital and orbital cellulitis, including anatomic location, etiology, and potential complications Required pre-class materials Click […]
Meningitis and encephalitis
Learning goals Describe the epidemiology and risk factors for meningitis and list the primary pathogens that lead to meningitis, based on age groups Compare and contrast the clinical manifestations of encephalitis, acute bacterial meningitis, aseptic meningitis, and chronic meningitis and use cerebrospinal fluid findings to differentiate various microbial etiologies Describe the microbiologic features (classification, structures, […]
Host-pathogen interactions
High-yield summary Core concept Host-pathogen interactions determine infection outcomes: clearance, persistence, latency, or disease. Immune responses are tailored to pathogen type Pathogens evolve mechanisms to evade immunity. Extracellular bacteria Innate Response Complement activation (Alternative and lectin pathways) Phagocytosis via PRRs, Fc receptors, complement receptors Inflammatory cytokines: IL-1, TNF, IL-6 Adaptive Response Antibodies: Opsonization, toxin neutralization CD4+ […]
Parasitology 3: Tissue-invasive parasites
Learning goals Contrast the epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, and diagnosis of cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis Contrast the epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, and diagnosis of Toxoplasma gondii infection in patients with HIV/AIDS, neonates, and immunocompetent hosts Contrast the epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, and diagnosis of diseases caused by Trichinella, Toxocara (visceral larva migrans), Taenia solium (cysticercosis), […]
Herpes virus
High-yield summary Overview of Herpesviruses (HHV 1–8) Virus Common Name Latency Site Key Diseases HHV-1 HSV-1 Trigeminal ganglia Oral herpes, encephalitis HHV-2 HSV-2 Sacral ganglia Genital herpes, neonatal HSV HHV-3 VZV Dorsal root ganglia Chickenpox, shingles HHV-4 EBV B cells Mono, Burkitt lymphoma, NPC HHV-5 CMV Monocytes Mono-like illness, congenital CMV HHV-6/7 Roseolovirus T […]