Heart Rate Case Studies
Case 1: Sinus tachycardia in acute MI Tap the arrow to view the case.The finding of sinus tachycardia on the EKG, as in Figure 4.8, enables visualization of an imbalance in the normal sympathetic / parasympathetic balance. Underlying clinical possibilities should be considered. The sympathetic stimulation may have increased, or the parasympathetic stimulation may have […]
4. Heart Rate: A Mandatory Part of an EKG Interpretation
In this material Self-study learning goals Define and Identify the following: Sinus rhythm Sinus bradycardia Sinus tachycardia Sinus arrhythmia Correctly measure the heart rate in any regular rhythm. Correctly measure the heart rate in atrial fibrillation. Define the pathophysiology of Sinus tachycardia Sinus bradycardia. List possible underlying causes of Sinus tachycardia Sinus bradycardia. Describe findings […]
II. Methodology: Measurements and Their Clinical Significance
In this material
Nose, nasal cavities, and paranasal sinuses
Optional Reading Clinically Oriented Anatomy, 7th ed., Nose section through Transillumination of sinuses; The Developing Human: Clinically Oriented Embryology, 11th ed., Development of nasal cavities section thorough Postnatal development of paranasal sinuses. The nose The nose is the portion of the respiratory tract above the palate. It consists of two parts: an external nose on […]
Gross Anatomy base material 6
Autonomic Receptors
Structural family Functional families Receptor Physiological ligands Effectors, Transducers, Major functions G Protein Coupled Receptors (GPCR) Muscarinic receptors M1 Acetylcholine Gq-coupled Increased phospholipase C increased IP3, diacylglycerol, cytoplasmic calcium M2 Acetylcholine Gi-coupled Decreased adenylyl cyclase decreased cAMP M3 Acetylcholine Gq-coupled Increased phospholipase C increased IP3, diacylglycerol, cytoplasmic calcium Alpha-adrenergic receptors Alpha1 (α1) Epinephrine, norepinephrine Gq-coupled Increased […]
Prenatal and postnatal circulation
Prenatal circulation Oxygenated blood reaches the fetus from the placenta via the umbilical vein (within the umbilical cord). Once in the fetus, the umbilical vein reaches the liver by passing through the falciform ligament. Much of this blood bypasses the liver through the ductus venosus. Oxygenated blood enters the right atrium through the inferior vena […]
The Effects of the Autonomic Nervous System on Organ Systems
Sympathetic Parasympathetic Organ Target Actiona Receptorb Actiona Receptorb Eye Iris Radial muscle Contracts α1 — — Circular muscle — — Contracts M3 Ciliary muscle [Relaxes] β Contracts M3 Heart Sinoatrial node Accelerates β1, β2 Decelerates M2 Ectopic pacemakers Accelerates β1, β2 — — Contractility Increases β1, β2 Decreases (atria) [M2] Blood vessels Skin, splanchnic vessels […]
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3. Basics of the 12-Lead EKG
Self-study learning goals Identify and describe the following: Five critical electrical and mechanical functions. Five parts of the heart’s electrical system. SA node. P wave. AV node. Bundle of His. Right and left bundle branches. Purkinje fibers. QRS complex. The heart has an intricate electrical system, made up of highly specialized cells, that is responsible […]