The PR, QRS, and QT Intervals Case Studies
Case 1: Short PR interval—WPW syndrome Tap the arrow to view the case.Although the PR interval is measured only in the limb leads, examination of all the leads can help in the diagnosis of WPW syndrome. Leads I and aVL demonstrate a delta wave (the slurred upstroke) at the beginning of the QRS associated with […]
5. The PR, QRS, and QT Intervals
In this material Self-study learning goals Define and identify the following: Normal PR interval. Long PR interval. Short PR interval. Normal QRS interval. Intraventricular Conduction Delay. QT interval/QTc interval. Short QT interval. Long QT interval. Indeterminate QT interval. The PR, QRS, and QT intervals After calculation of the the heart rate, the next step is […]
Heart Rate Worksheets
These worksheets are for self-study only. Answers will not be evaluated. Instructions and examples Instructions for Chapter 4 Worksheets Count the number of small boxes between two QRS complexes. Divide that number into 1500 to accurately determine the HR. Use the HR to classify the rhythm as sinus rhythm (60 to 100), sinus tachycardia (greater […]
Heart Rate Case Studies
Case 1: Sinus tachycardia in acute MI Tap the arrow to view the case.The finding of sinus tachycardia on the EKG, as in Figure 4.8, enables visualization of an imbalance in the normal sympathetic / parasympathetic balance. Underlying clinical possibilities should be considered. The sympathetic stimulation may have increased, or the parasympathetic stimulation may have […]
4. Heart Rate: A Mandatory Part of an EKG Interpretation
In this material Self-study learning goals Define and Identify the following: Sinus rhythm Sinus bradycardia Sinus tachycardia Sinus arrhythmia Correctly measure the heart rate in any regular rhythm. Correctly measure the heart rate in atrial fibrillation. Define the pathophysiology of Sinus tachycardia Sinus bradycardia. List possible underlying causes of Sinus tachycardia Sinus bradycardia. Describe findings […]
II. Methodology: Measurements and Their Clinical Significance
In this material
Nose, nasal cavities, and paranasal sinuses
Optional Reading Clinically Oriented Anatomy, 7th ed., Nose section through Transillumination of sinuses; The Developing Human: Clinically Oriented Embryology, 11th ed., Development of nasal cavities section thorough Postnatal development of paranasal sinuses. The nose The nose is the portion of the respiratory tract above the palate. It consists of two parts: an external nose on […]
Gross Anatomy base material 6
Autonomic Receptors
Structural family Functional families Receptor Physiological ligands Effectors, Transducers, Major functions G Protein Coupled Receptors (GPCR) Muscarinic receptors M1 Acetylcholine Gq-coupled Increased phospholipase C increased IP3, diacylglycerol, cytoplasmic calcium M2 Acetylcholine Gi-coupled Decreased adenylyl cyclase decreased cAMP M3 Acetylcholine Gq-coupled Increased phospholipase C increased IP3, diacylglycerol, cytoplasmic calcium Alpha-adrenergic receptors Alpha1 (α1) Epinephrine, norepinephrine Gq-coupled Increased […]
Prenatal and postnatal circulationÂ
Prenatal circulation Oxygenated blood reaches the fetus from the placenta via the umbilical vein (within the umbilical cord). Once in the fetus, the umbilical vein reaches the liver by passing through the falciform ligament. Much of this blood bypasses the liver through the ductus venosus. Oxygenated blood enters the right atrium through the inferior vena […]