Physical activity
Advise physical activity As an adjunct to their dietary modifications, encourage patients to increase both their activity involved in daily living and their planned physical activity. Bodily movement Physical activity consists of any bodily movement that increases energy expenditure (e.g., walking, climbing stairs, gardening, cleaning). Planned, structured, and repetitive Exercise is planned, structured, and repetitive […]
Evidence-based lifestyle principles to improve the health of patients with obesity
This section is adapted from the American College of Physician’s Obesity Learning Hub Dietary treatment principles Fundamental advice for all patients includes consuming healthful nutrient-dense foods, cooking at home when possible, and reducing consumption of packaged and ultra-processed foods (UPFs). Beyond these basics, recommendations should be individualized and established through shared decision making to improve […]
Principles on taking a weight-focused history
Elicit the weight history Once you obtain permission to discuss a patient’s weight in more detail, use targeted, open-ended questions to investigate the cause, contributing factors, management barriers, and self-perceptions about weight. Start by asking them to describe their day from when they wake up to when they go to bed, and capture the following […]
The six A’s framework for weight management counseling
As a healthcare professional, you may find discussing weight with patients to be challenging or uncomfortable. This section is adapted from the American College of Physician’s Obesity Learning Hub. The 6 A’s framework (Ask, Assess, Advise, Agree, Assist, Arrange) is a patient-centered and empathic approach to partnering with a patient to manage overweight or obesity. […]
How can healthcare professionals proactively prevent weight stigma and bias?
Research and professional guidelines suggest that reducing weight stigma requires action at the individual, interpersonal, and system levels. Healthcare professionals can take several evidence-based steps to create a more respectful, equitable, and effective care environment. Use person-first and non-stigmatizing language The language used to discuss weight can significantly influence patients’s healthcare experiences, engagement in treatment, […]
Sexually transmitted infections (STIs): Genital ulcer disease, papules, and warts (High-yield)
Genital ulcer disease Key Differential A patient with a genital ulcer can usually be differentiated by: Disease Pain Ulcer Appearance Lymph Nodes Organism HSV Painful Multiple vesicles → shallow ulcers Tender HSV-2 most common for genital ulcers Primary syphilis Painless Single indurated chancre Nontender, rubbery Treponema pallidum Chancroid Very painful Soft ragged ulcer with purulent […]
Conley’s clinical correlations
Sexually transmitted infections (STIs): Urethritis, cervicitis, vaginitis, and PID (High-yield)
Urethritis/Cervicitis: Syndromic approach Many are asymptomatic, especially in females Men Dysuria Thin mucoid discharge Pelvic pain Women Postcoital bleeding Mucopurulent discharge PID: look for cervical motion tenderness Think Chlamydia trachomatis (D-K) → most common cause Neisseria gonorrhoeae Less commonly: Mycoplasma genitalium Trichomonas HSV Chlamydia trachomatis (D-K) Key features Elementary body ↔ reticulate body Reactive arthritis […]
Microbiology and Infectious Disease high-yield materials
Year 1 Introduction to bacteria: Classification and structure Bacterial classification (Phenotypic) Gram Stain: Differentiates based on cell wall structure. Morphology: Cocci, bacilli, curved rods, clusters, chains. Growth Requirements: Oxygen tolerance (aerobes vs anaerobes). Biochemical Reactions: Catalase, coagulase, oxidase, lactose fermentation. Serologic Systems: Group A vs B Strep (based on surface antigens). Gram stain mechanism […]
Step 1 prep
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