Cestodes
check yourself Fill in these summary tables to check your learning. Tapeworms Segmented flat worms. Taenia sagniata (Beef tapeworm) Humans ingest undercooked beef containing cysticerci, larvae attach to bowel wall and mature to adult worms that eventually shed proglottids into feces that are eaten by cattle. Humans are the definitive host, and cows the intermediate […]
Nematodes
check yourself Fill in these summary tables to check your learning. Round worms GI Enterobius (Pin worm) Transmitted by ingestion of eggs, which develop into adults within the gut. Females migrate to rectum/anus to lay eggs on skin. Symptoms are associated with this migration and lead to intense anal pruritis (itchy butt). Re-infection is common […]
Protozoa
check yourself Fill in these summary tables to check your learning. Amoeba About the size of WBCs, but move by pseudopodia. Entamoeba histolytica (amebiasis) Obligate human parasite that are transmitted to humans by ingestion of the cysts shed in asymptomatic carriers’ stool. Cysts form trophozoites in intestine where they can eat RBCs and invade the […]
Musculoskeletal exam
Introduction to bacteria: Classification and structure; virulence and pathogenicity
High-yield summary: Classification and structure Bacterial classification (Phenotypic) Gram Stain: Differentiates based on cell wall structure. Morphology: Cocci, bacilli, curved rods, clusters, chains. Growth Requirements: Oxygen tolerance (aerobes vs anaerobes). Biochemical Reactions: Catalase, coagulase, oxidase, lactose fermentation. Serologic Systems: Group A vs B Strep (based on surface antigens). Gram stain mechanism Crystal Violet → […]
Antifungal drugs
Amphotericin B Ampho B Broad spectrum, little resistance GI and renal toxicity limit dose Binds ergosterol causing cytoplasmic membrane holes Azoles Fluconazole, Miconazole, Itraconazole, Voriconazole, Posaconazole, Isavuconazole Inhibits ergosterol synthesis in cytoplasmic membrane Topical Rx for dermatophytes and skin Candida (clotrimazole, miconazole) Systemic Rx specific to different fungi Voriconazole is best for aspergillus Echinocandins Caspofungin, […]
Fungi
also In this section Superficial Tinea/Dermatophytes Molds that use keratin as nutritional source. Trichophyton, Epidermophyton, Microsporum are the most common genera. They are transmitted to humans from direct contact with infected skin scales. They infect keratinized layer of cells (skin and nails) and do not invade underlying tissue. Clinical manifestations are due to inflammatory response […]
Overview of microbes
High-yield summary Core objectives Compare bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites by structure, reproduction, classification, and diagnostics. Define pathogenesis and virulence. Understand selective toxicity and its role in antimicrobial therapy. Viruses Acellular, require host for replication. Genetic material: DNA or RNA (never both). Capsid proteins, some have envelopes. Intracellular pathogens diagnostic and treatment challenges. Example: […]
Microbiology and Infectious Disease thread session guides
Year 1 Year 2