Vulnerability and Preparedness: The Human Factor
Throughout this module, a recurring theme is that not everyone is affected equally when extreme weather strikes. Vulnerable populations bear a disproportionate share of the harm. These vulnerable groups include: Low-income and resource-limited communities Disasters tend to hit hardest in poorer neighborhoods or regions. These communities may live in higher-risk areas (floodplains, sub-standard housing, and drought-prone rural areas) […]
Droughts and Extreme Heat Waves
A farm family walks through a Dust Bowl dust storm in Oklahoma, 1936. The 1930s Dust Bowl drought turned vast areas of the Great Plains into a “dust desert,” causing crop failure, mass migration, and illnesses like “dust pneumonia.” If floods are the dramatic deluge, droughts are the slow-burning disaster. Drought means an abnormally long period of […]
Face and parotid gland
Optional reading Clinically Oriented Anatomy, 9th ed., Head chapter, Face and scalp section through Surface anatomy of face; Parotid and temporal regions, infratemporal fossa, and temporomandibular joint section through Infratemporal fossa. The Developing Human: Clinically Oriented Embryology, 12th ed., Development of salivary glands section through Atresia of the nasolacrimal duct. The face is the anterior part […]
Scalp and cranial cavity
Optional reading Clinically Oriented Anatomy, 9th ed., Head chapter, Internal surface of cranial base section through Posterior cranial fossa; Face and scalp section through Lymphatic drainage of face and scalp; Cranial meninges section through Arachnoid mater and pia mater; Cerebral arterial circle section and Venous drainage of brain section. Scalp The scalp covers the skull and […]
Neuroanatomy lab knowledge checks
Station 1. Meninges and ventricles Ventricles Interactive 1 On a mid-sagittal image, label the parts of ventricular systems highlighted in blue: 3rd ventricle 4th ventricle cerebral aqueduct lateral ventricle (Tap to open; use your Apple Pencil to draw) Labeled image Interactive 2 What do each of the yellow lines indicate on this T2-grayscale inverted […]
Neuroanatomy lab introduction
Neuroanatomy provides the essential framework for understanding the principles of neurology. This lab is designed to help you build that foundation through hands-on exploration and clinical application. Key focus areas Topographic anatomy Ventricular system, cerebrum, diencephalon, brain stem, and cerebellum Three-dimensional relationships Ventricular system and its connections to cerebral and brain stem structures Clinical imaging […]
Orientation required pre-reading
How to use this material First, please review this and the optional reading resources completely before your first day on rotation, as they provide important context for connecting with sites and communities. You are welcome to return to this resource throughout the rotation experience to deepen your knowledge and understanding, satisfy your curiosity, or dive […]
Community Engagement
Final Thoughts: Climate Change and Mental Health
Key takeaways The core message Climate change impacts mental health through multiple pathways—from acute trauma after disasters to chronic anxiety about the future. These impacts are not equally distributed; marginalized communities bear the greatest burden. As physicians, you have roles at multiple levels: Clinical care, community resilience building, and advocacy for climate action and health […]
Host-pathogen interactions
High-yield summary Core concept Host-pathogen interactions determine infection outcomes: clearance, persistence, latency, or disease. Immune responses are tailored to pathogen type Pathogens evolve mechanisms to evade immunity. Extracellular bacteria Innate Response Complement activation (Alternative and lectin pathways) Phagocytosis via PRRs, Fc receptors, complement receptors Inflammatory cytokines: IL-1, TNF, IL-6 Adaptive Response Antibodies: Opsonization, toxin neutralization CD4+ […]