Extreme Weather Hazards

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Headshot of Anne Grossman, MD, FACP · Assistant Professor, Medical Education and Clinical Sciences
Anne Grossman
MD, FACP · Assistant Professor, Medical Education and Clinical Sciences
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References
  1. Sindall, Rebecca et al. Drowning risk and climate change: A state-of-the-art review. Injury prevention: Journal of the International Society for Child and Adolescent Injury Prevention vol. 28,2 (2022): 185–191. doi:10.1136/injuryprev-2021-044486.

 

Flooding Health Impacts

  1. Yang Z, Huang W, McKenzie JE, Yu P, Ju K, Wu Y, Wen B, Guo Y, Li S. Hospitalization risks associated with floods: A multi-country study. Nature Water 2025; DOI: 10.1038/s44221-025-00425-8.
  2. Yang Z, Huang W, McKenzie JE, Yu P, Ju K, Wu Y, Wen B, Guo Y, Li S. Mortality and morbidity risks associated with floods: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Environmental Research 2024; 263(Pt 3):120263. DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.120263.
  3. Lynch VD, Sullivan JA, Flores AB, et al. Large floods drive changes in cause-specific mortality in the United States. Nature Medicine 2025; 31:663–671. DOI: 10.1038/s41591-024-03358-z.

 

Heat-Related Health Impacts

  1. KFF (Kaiser Family Foundation). Impacts of Federal Actions on Extreme Heat and Health. July 2025.
    • Based on analysis of Howard JT et al. JAMA 2024 study (see below #7).
  2. Ballester J, Quijal-Zamorano M, Méndez Turrubiates RF, Pegenaute F, Herrmann FR, Robine JM, Basagaña X, Tonne C, Antó JM, Achebak H. Heat-related mortality in Europe during the summer of 2022. Nature Medicine 2023; 29(7):1857–1866. DOI: 10.1038/s41591-023-02419-z.
  3. Howard JT, Androne N, Alcover KC, Santos-Lozada AR. Trends of Heat-Related Deaths in the US, 1999–2023. JAMA 2024; 332(8):717–719. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2024.16386.

 

Kerr County Texas Flooding July 2025

  1. Texas Tribune. Texas identifies the 119 people killed in Kerr County floods. August 8, 2025.
  2. NOAA/NESDIS. NOAA Satellites Inform Warning for the Texas Hill Country Floods. 2025.
  3. CNN. Texas officials revise number of people missing in Kerr County following catastrophic flooding down to three. July 20, 2025.

 

Hurricane and Coastal Flooding

  1. Sodders N, Stockdale K, Baker K, Ghanem A, Vieth B, Harder T. Notes from the Field: Vibriosis Cases Associated with Flood Waters During and After Hurricane Ian—Florida, September–October 2022. MMWR (CDC Morbidity & Mortality Weekly Report) 2023; 72(18):497–498. DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.mm7218a5.
  2. Kishore N, Marqués D, Mahmud A, Kiang MV, Rodriguez I, Fuller A, Ebner P, Sorensen C, Racy F, Lemery J, Maas L, Leaning J, Irizarry RA, Balsari S, Buckee CO. Mortality in Puerto Rico after Hurricane Maria. New England Journal of Medicine 2018; 379(2):162–170. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMsa1803972.

 

Climate Change and Health

  1. Romanello M, di Napoli C, Drummond P, et al. (99 authors). The 2022 report of the Lancet Countdown on Health and Climate Change: Health at the Mercy of Fossil Fuels. The Lancet 2022; 400(10363):1619–1654. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(22)01540-9.
  2. U.S. Global Change Research Program. Fifth National Climate Assessment (NCA5), Chapter 8: Human Health. 2023.
  3. Burke, M., Driscoll, A., Heft-Neal, S., Xue, J., Burney, J., and Wara, M. (2021). The changing risk and burden of wildfire in the United States. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 118(2), e2011048118.DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2011048118.

 

Mental Health and Disaster Recovery

  1. Lawrance, E. L., Thompson, R., Fontana, G., and Jennings, N. (2023). Ambient temperature and mental health: A systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet Planetary Health, 7(7), e580–e589. DOI: 10.1016/S2542-5196(23)00104-3.
  2. Cianconi, P., Betrò, S., and Janiri, L. (2020). The Impact of Climate Change on Mental Health: A Systematic Descriptive Review. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 11, 74. DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00074.
  3. Rhodes, J., Chan, C., Paxson, C., Rouse, C. E., Waters, M., and Fussell, E. (2010). The impact of hurricane Katrina on the mental and physical health of low-income parents in New Orleans. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 80(2), 237–247. DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-0025.2010.01027.x.
  4. Long, L. J., Bistricky, S. L., Phillips, C. A., D’Souza, J. M., Blevins, C. A., Morabito, D. M., Siegel, J., and Gallagher, M. W. (2020). The Potential Unique Impacts of Hope and Resilience on Mental Health and Well‐Being in the Wake of Hurricane Harvey. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 33(6), 962–972. DOI: 10.1002/jts.22555.

 

Environmental Justice and Vulnerability

  1. Bobb, J. F., Obermeyer, Z., Wang, Y., and Dominici, F. 2014 Cause-specific risk of hospital admission related to extreme heat in older adults. Journal of the American Medical Association, 312(24), 2659–2667.
  2. Gronlund, C. J. (2014). Racial and socioeconomic disparities in heat-related health effects and their mechanisms: a review. Current Epidemiology Reports, 1(3), 165–173.
  3. Tuholske, C., Schinasi, L. H., Schikowski, T., Heft-Neal, S., Tetreault, L., Correa-Agudelo, E., Bekkar, B., and Casey, J. A. (2024). Identifying groups at-risk to extreme heat: Intersections of age, race/ethnicity, and socioeconomic status. Environment International, 191, 108909.
  4. De Schrijver, E., Bundo, M., Ragettli, M. S., Sera, F., Gasparrini, A., Franco, O. H., and Vicedo-Cabrera, A. M. (2024). Racial disparities in deaths related to extreme temperatures in the United States. One Earth, 7(9), 1561–1572.
  5. Sarofim, M. C., Ghazipura, M., Madureira, J., Spector, J. T., and Luna, M. L. (2024). Trends in Rates of Heat-Related Deaths Across Population Groups in the United States, 2000–2023. American Journal of Public Health, 114(S5), S409–S412.
  6. Ebi, K. L., and Hess, J. J. (2020). Health Risks Due To Climate Change: Inequity In Causes And Consequences. Health Affairs, 39(12), 2056–2062.
  7. Rudolph, L., Harrison, C., Buckley, L., and North, S. (2024). Critical Steps To Address Climate, Health, And Equity. Health Affairs, 43(11), 1490–1498.
  8. Berberian, A. G., Gonzalez, D. J. X., and Cushing, L. J. (2022). Racial Disparities in Climate Change-Related Health Effects in the United States. Current Environmental Health Reports, 9(3), 451–464.

Health Impacts and Respiratory Disease

  1. Alexander, R. H., Lee, J. A., Brunetti, J. A., Walker, S. R., Arnold, F. W., and Nugent, C. (2018). The Dust Bowl in the United States: An Analysis Based on Current Environmental and Clinical Studies. The American Journal of the Medical Sciences, 356(2), 103–113.
  2. Panikkath, R., Panikkath, D., Banjara, M., Maley, R., Paras, M. L., and Nugent, K. (2013). Multilobar Lung Infiltrates after Exposure to Dust Storm: The Haboob Lung Syndrome. The American Journal of Medicine, 126(2), 164–166.
  3. McLeman, R. A., Dupre, J., Berrang-Ford, L., Ford, J., Gajewski, K., and Marchildon, G. (2013). What we learned from the Dust Bowl: Lessons in science, policy, and adaptation.Population and Environment, 35(4), 417–440.
  4. Lee, J. A. and Gill, T. E. (2015). Multiple causes of wind erosion in the Dust Bowl. Aeolian Research, 19 (Part A), 15–36.
  5. World Health Organization. Climate change and health: Key facts. 2023.
  6. World Health Organization. Building climate-resilient health systems. Component 9: Climate-related emergency preparedness and management.
  7. American Public Health Association. Public Health Preparedness for Extreme Weather Events: Core Competencies. Professional development guidelines. 2023.

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Introduction to Extreme Weather Hazards