30. Urinary organs of the retroperitoneum and pelvis

Optional Reading Clinically Oriented Anatomy, 8th ed., Diaphragm section through Clinical box: Diaphragm, kidneys, ureters, and suprarenal glands section through Clinical box: Kidneys, ureters, and suprarenal glands. Would a review be helpful? Kidneys Receive ~20% of cardiac output, and is in a key position for regulating blood pressure, the composition of body fluids, and acid-base […]

00e. Cranial nerves appendix

Templates for drawing the pathways of the cranial nerves Cranial nerves templates Previous The mixed cranial nerves

00c. The mainly motor cranial nerves

Cranial nerve III: Oculomotor nerve Functions Innervates four of the six extrinsic muscles that move the eye + the muscle that elevates the upper eyelid (skeletal motor). Innervates smooth muscle in the eyeball (parasympathetic). Skull opening Superior orbital fissure. Attachment to brainstem Midbrain. Nucleus of origin/destination in CNS Skeletal motor fibers originate from the oculomotor […]

00b. The sensory cranial nerves

Cranial nerve I: Olfactory nerve Functions Olfaction (smell)—special sensory. Skull opening Olfactory (cribriform) foramina. Nucleus of origin/destination in CNS Bipolar neurons of olfactory nerves synapse on secondary olfactory neurons in olfactory bulbs. Details The ceilings of the nasal cavities are lined by a special olfactory epithelium that includes the peripheral processes of primary olfactory neurons […]

00d. The mixed cranial nerves

Cranial nerve V: Trigeminal nerve Functions Innervates skin of the face, mucous membranes in oral and nasal cavities, external ear, and teeth (general sensory). Innervates muscles of mastication and other muscles in the neck, palate, and middle ear (skeletal motor). Skull opening Ophthalmic branch (V1) = Superior orbital fissure Maxillary branch (V2) = Foramen rotundum […]

00. Introduction to cranial nerves

In this chapter Clinical testing of cranial nerves Students should have a basic understanding of how the functions of cranial nerves are tested clinically. Here are two examples of resources on the web. Although these in-depth exams are probably not practical in most situations, they provide nice demonstrations of testing techniques. How to Assess the […]