Class I antiarrhythmic drugs
Class I antiarrhythmics: Voltage-gated sodium channel blockers Class I drugs block Na+ channels, reduce excitability, and increase the threshold potential. The Class I antiarrhythmics are further broken down into 3 categories: Class IA, IB, and IC. Class Generic names Mnemonic device Image IA Disopyramide Quinidine Procainamide Double Quarter Pounder IB Lidocaine Mexiletine Lettuce Mayo IC […]
Antiarrhythmic drugs
There are several strategies to categorize antiarrhythmic drugs, each with their advantages and disadvantages. For the purposes of this learning module, we will use the Singh Vaughan-Williams classification system, which originally contained four classes, but was updated to include drugs that do not fit into those classes. The Singh Vaughan-Williams classification system now includes Class […]
Critical appraisal of a prospective cohort study
In this session, we will assess a paper that is a prospective cohort study about community burden and transmission of acute gastroenteritis caused by norovirus and rotavirus. We will also revisit the terms incidence, prevalence, and attack rate. Learning goals Learning activities Required reading Demonstrate respectful, constructive, adaptive interactions with peers and/or facilitators, including punctual […]
Observational study design
Learning Goals Resources Describe the design of case-control studies Discuss biases and confounds in case-control studies Discuss possible ways to deal with confounding in the design or analysis of an observational study Define and discuss the appropriate use of a cross-sectional study Differentiate between real and spurious associations in observational studies Describe a frequent sequence […]
Critical appraisal of a prospective cohort study (Facilitator)
In this session, we will assess a paper that is a prospective cohort study about community burden and transmission of acute gastroenteritis caused by norovirus and rotavirus. We will also revisit the terms incidence, prevalence, and attack rate. Learning goals Learning activities Required reading Demonstrate respectful, constructive, adaptive interactions with peers and/or facilitators, including punctual […]
Inflammatory myopathies​
Case study 1: Anna MarÃa Tap the arrow to view the case.Anna MarÃa, a 49-year-old woman, presents to her primary care clinic with 5 months of progressive difficulty climbing stairs and lifting objects overhead. She reports needing frequent breaks when folding laundry and brushing her hair.She denies diplopia, ptosis, numbness, tingling, dysphagia, dyspnea, joint swelling, […]
Sjogren’s disease and mixed connective tissue disease​
Case study 1: Suzanne Tap the arrow to view the case.Suzanne, a 44-year-old woman with Sjögren’s disease, presents for routine follow-up. She takes ibuprofen for joint pain and omeprazole for heartburn. She reports no new symptoms.Vital signs are normal. Physical examination reveals tenderness at the proximal interphalangeal and metacarpophalangeal joints bilaterally and bilateral parotid enlargement. The […]
Systemic lupus erythematosus
Case study 1: Blair Tap the arrow to view the case.Blair, a 17-year-old female, presents to the emergency department with progressive shortness of breath for 3 weeks and intermittent hemoptysis for 1 day. She reports painful oral and nasal ulcers, diffuse swelling of her hands and feet, morning stiffness lasting 2 hours, and a 10-pound unintentional […]
Principles of cardiac electrophysiology
If you answered 7 or more of the Pre-Assessment for Principles of Cardiac Electrophysiology questions correctly, you may choose to skip this section. If not, please review this foundational knowledge. An electrical impulse is generated at the sinoatrial (SA) node at regular intervals with a normal frequency of approximately 60 to 100 beats per minute. […]
Pre-assessment for principles of cardiac electrophysiology
To understand the mechanism of action of antiarrhythmic drugs, it is necessary to understand cardiac electrophysiology and the pathophysiology of arrhythmogenesis. Please take the following pre-assessment to gauge your understanding of principles of cardiac electrophysiology as it relates to pharmacology. If you miss two or more questions, you are strongly encouraged to review cardiac electrophysiology and the pathophysiology of arrhythmogenesis from […]