Other antibiotics
Clindamycin (Cleocin) Class(es) Lincosamide Clinical use(s) FDA approved: Bacterial disease (severe) Including susceptible infections due to anaerobic and aerobic gram positive organisms. Off-label/clinical use: Acne vulgaris (topical). Mechanism(s) of action Inhibits protein synthesis at the level of the 50S ribosomal subunit. Key adverse effects The most common reported AE is mild to moderate morbilliform-like skin […]
Cephalosporins
Cephalexin (Keflex) Class(es) 1st-generation cephalosporin Clinical use(s) FDA approved: Skin and soft tissue infection, osteomyelitis. Off-label/clinical use: Prophylaxis for bacterial endocarditis. Mechanism(s) of action Binds to penicillin binding proteins in cell wall membrane. Key adverse effects C. diff–associated diarrhea (CDAD), seizures (high doses especially in renal impairment) Key drug/food interactions Concurrent use of loop diuretics […]
Antituberculars
Isoniazid (INH, Nydrazid) Class(es) Antitubercular agent. Clinical use(s) FDA approved: Active tuberculosis (HIV and non-HIV); inactive tuberculosis (HIV and non-HIV). Off-label/clinical use: Atypical mycobacterial infection; determination of acetylation rate. Mechanism(s) of action Bactericidal. Inhibits synthesis of mycoloic acids, an essential component of the bacterial cell wall. Key adverse effects Increased liver enzymes, neuropathy, neurotoxicity. Key […]
Penicillin beta-lactams
Penicillin (PCN) Class(es) Penicillins/Beta-Lactams. Clinical use(s) FDA approved: Syphilis, anthrax, listeria infections, meningococcal infections, pasteurella, serious gram-positive infections. Off-label/clinical use: CAP (children), group B strep, osteomyelitis, SSTI. Mechanism(s) of action Bactericidal. Inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis during active multiplication. Key adverse effects Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, seizure (rare). Key drug/food interactions Tetracyclines (may ↓ effectiveness)Food (may […]
Plasmodium species comparison chart
This is an optional study guide. Details for P. malariae have been completed for you as an example. P. falciparum P. vivax P. ovale P. knowlesi P. malariae Predominant geography Rare. Temperate and subtropical Erythrocyte target Senescent cells only Interval between merozoite release from RBCs […]
Plasmodium/Malaria
This is the LP for this topic. The content is also on the Protozoa page. It needs to go on its own malaria content page and then delete it from the Protozoa page (feed it with a Posts query) and delete it from here (also feed it with a Posts query). This URL may need […]
Infectious diseases that target red blood cells
High-yield summary Plasmodium (protozoa that causes malaria) Transmitted by female Anopheles mosquito. Lifecycle includes liver (exoerythrocytic) and blood (erythrocytic) stages. Vivax and P. ovale form dormant hypnozoites in liver—cause relapses. Falciparum infects all RBC stages—highest parasitemia and severity. Symptoms (fever, chills) correlate with RBC rupture during schizont release. Diagnosis of malaria Thick smear: Screening […]
Parasitology 1: Introduction and gastrointestinal protozoa
Learning goals Describe and give examples of a definitive host, an intermediate host, a dead-end host, and an incidental host Classify parasites into five primary types and then organize them into secondary groupings based on morphology, motility, and major organ systems they affect Describe four modes of transmission for parasites to enter a human host […]
Acute infectious diarrhea
Learning goals Compare and contrast the microbiologic etiologies of common infectious causes of watery diarrhea, inflammatory diarrhea, and toxin-mediated diarrhea Compare and contrast the epidemiology, pathogenesis, and microbiology of Vibrio cholerae, pathogenic Escherichia coli, Campylobacter jejuni, and non-typhoidal salmonella Describe the bacteriology, pathophysiology, complications and management of pseudomembranous colitis (Clostridioides difficile) Required pre-class materials E.Flo […]
Sexually transmitted infections (STIs)
source: Novan’s notes, by George Novan, MD, and Joanna Breems, MD Last update: September 2023 The terms STIs (sexually transmitted infections) and STDs (sexually transmitted diseases) are nterchangeable. However, more authors now favor using STI because not all “infections” are manifest as “disease”—that is, they are not clinically evident or symptomatic. A note on terminology. […]