35. The oral region and pharynx
Optional Reading Clinically Oriented Anatomy, 7th ed., Nose section through Transillumination of sinuses; The Developing Human: Clinically Oriented Embryology, 11th ed., Development of nasal cavities section thorough Postnatal development of paranasal sinuses. The nose The nose is the portion of the respiratory tract above the palate. It consists of two parts: an external nose on […]
34. Nose, nasal cavities, and paranasal sinuses
Optional Reading Clinically Oriented Anatomy, 7th ed., Nose section through Transillumination of sinuses; The Developing Human: Clinically Oriented Embryology, 11th ed., Development of nasal cavities section thorough Postnatal development of paranasal sinuses. The nose The nose is the portion of the respiratory tract above the palate. It consists of two parts: an external nose on […]
Prenatal and postnatal circulationÂ
Prenatal circulation Oxygenated blood reaches the fetus from the placenta via the umbilical vein (within the umbilical cord). Once in the fetus, the umbilical vein reaches the liver by passing through the falciform ligament. Much of this blood bypasses the liver through the ductus venosus. Oxygenated blood enters the right atrium through the inferior vena […]
31. Development of urinary organs
Optional Reading The Developing Human: Clinically Oriented Embryology, 11th ed., Development of urinary system section through Development of suprarenal glands. The urinary and reproductive (genital) systems have several features in common and are sometimes considered together as the uro-genital system. Most shared features are developmental in nature: Both the kidneys and the gonads arise from […]
30. Urinary organs of the retroperitoneum and pelvis
Optional Reading Clinically Oriented Anatomy, 8th ed., Diaphragm section through Clinical box: Diaphragm, kidneys, ureters, and suprarenal glands section through Clinical box: Kidneys, ureters, and suprarenal glands. Would a review be helpful? Kidneys Receive ~20% of cardiac output, and is in a key position for regulating blood pressure, the composition of body fluids, and acid-base […]
00e. Cranial nerves appendix
Templates for drawing the pathways of the cranial nerves Cranial nerves templates Previous The mixed cranial nerves
00c. The mainly motor cranial nerves
Cranial nerve III: Oculomotor nerve Functions Innervates four of the six extrinsic muscles that move the eye + the muscle that elevates the upper eyelid (skeletal motor). Innervates smooth muscle in the eyeball (parasympathetic). Skull opening Superior orbital fissure. Attachment to brainstem Midbrain. Nucleus of origin/destination in CNS Skeletal motor fibers originate from the oculomotor […]
00b. The sensory cranial nerves
Cranial nerve I: Olfactory nerve Functions Olfaction (smell)—special sensory. Skull opening Olfactory (cribriform) foramina. Nucleus of origin/destination in CNS Bipolar neurons of olfactory nerves synapse on secondary olfactory neurons in olfactory bulbs. Details The ceilings of the nasal cavities are lined by a special olfactory epithelium that includes the peripheral processes of primary olfactory neurons […]
00d. The mixed cranial nerves
Cranial nerve V: Trigeminal nerve Functions Innervates skin of the face, mucous membranes in oral and nasal cavities, external ear, and teeth (general sensory). Innervates muscles of mastication and other muscles in the neck, palate, and middle ear (skeletal motor). Skull opening Ophthalmic branch (V1) = Superior orbital fissure Maxillary branch (V2) = Foramen rotundum […]
00. Introduction to cranial nerves
In this chapter Clinical testing of cranial nerves Students should have a basic understanding of how the functions of cranial nerves are tested clinically. Here are two examples of resources on the web. Although these in-depth exams are probably not practical in most situations, they provide nice demonstrations of testing techniques. How to Assess the […]