Exam 2
PICO framework You should have a good grasp of how PICO works and why it’s a helpful framework Evidence-based medicine (and how it fits into PICO) Components of study designs and basic statistical analysis Type 1 error Type 2 error P-value Confidence interval Dependent variable Independent variable Central tendency Normal distribution Mean (calculate) Mode (calculate) […]
MEDSCHLR exam topics
Critical analysis of a meta-analysis 1 (Facilitator)
This session will reinforce the concepts of sensitivity, specificity, and ROC curves. Today’s article is a Cochrane Review meta-analysis about rapid antigen–detection testing for group A streptococcus. You will also dive deeper into the process of assessing “the risk of bias” in studies and how those biases can impact a meta-analysis. Learning goals List the […]
Quantitative methods V
Learning Goals Distinguish a systematic review from a meta-analysis Describe and explain the meaning of a hazard ratio in terms of prognosis as you would explain it to a patient Describe the Number Needed to Treat (NNT) and the Number Needed to Harm (NNH) and how they can be used in clinical medicine Distinguish a […]
Critical appraisal of a randomized controlled trial
In this journal club session, we will be appraising a recent article about empagliflozin, an inhibitor of sodium-glucose co-transporter 2, found in the kidney’s proximal tubule. This drug is used to treat type 2 diabetes. However, recent evidence suggests that using SGLT2 inhibitors reduces the risk of hospitalization for patients with heart failure with or […]
Multilevel Interventions and Co-Benefits
From understanding to action Actions simultaneously address climate change and create multiple health benefits beyond improving air quality. Climate action is health action. The most effective interventions create benefits across multiple domains: Air quality. Climate. Health. Equity. Economy. Policy-level interventions: Emission reduction strategies Transportation sector transformation Electric vehicle transitions Mechanism: Elimination of tailpipe emissions (NOx, […]
Health Consequences
From exposure to disease Air pollutants enter the body through inhalation, triggering an inflammatory response cascade that affects multiple organ systems. Understanding these pathways— from molecular mechanisms to population health patterns—is essential for clinical practice. Particle size determines where pollution goes in your body PM10 (≤10 μm): Deposits in upper airways (nose, throat, large bronchi); […]
Sources of Air Quality Degradation
Transportation sector The transportation sector is the largest contributor to urban air pollution in most developed countries, mainly due to vehicle emissions. Primary pollutants produced Nitrogen oxides (NOx): Formed during high-temperature combustion, NOx contributes to ozone formation and respiratory irritation. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs): React with NOx in sunlight to form ozone; some VOCs are […]
Introduction to Degraded Air Quality
Patient: Marcus Marcus is a 6-year-old male who is accompanied by his mother. He presents with a worsening cough, wheezing, and shortness of breath. He has a history of asthma that was previously well controlled on his inhaler therapy. You recall that the AQI is 145. What do you do for Marcus? Please think about […]
Degraded Air Quality
This module explores how climate change and pollution degrade air quality and the resulting health consequences, with attention to populations at greatest risk and strategies at multiple levels that create co-benefits for both climate and health. Sections Note Environmental and health policies evolve with changing political administrations. While federal approaches may shift, the scientific evidence […]