4. Principles of the autonomic nervous system (ANS)
Optional Reading Clinically Oriented Anatomy, 8th ed., Autonomic nervous system (ANS) section through Table 1.2: Functions of autonomic nervous system (ANS). Fundamentals of the ANS Recall that the somatic division of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) supplies the body wall and limbs = things we have conscious control over (skeletal muscles) and conscious perception of […]
14. The mediastinum
Optional Reading Clinically Oriented Anatomy, 8th ed., Overview of mediastinum, Superior mediastinum and great vessels section through Surface anatomy of heart and mediastinal viscera. Overview of mediastinum The mediastinum is the mass of tissue between the two pleural sacs. It essentially contains all the internal organs of the thorax, except for the lungs and pleural […]
32. Development of the heart
In this chapter Optional Reading The Developing Human: Clinically Oriented Embryology, 10th ed., chapter 13. Development of the heart and great vessels Let’s make a heart! During the 3rd week, clusters of cells derived from splanchnic mesoderm assemble in a horseshoe-shaped cord of tissue located cranial and lateral to the developing neural plate. This is […]
Fate of the aortic arches and asymmetry of the recurrent laryngeal nerves
Fate of the aortic arches (arteries) Five sets of aortic arches (1, 2, 3, 4, and 6) connect the aortic sac to the dorsal aortae. The aortic arches course into the neck and pass through swellings of mesenchyme called pharyngeal arches. The 5th pharyngeal arch disappears, so it has no aortic arch. The arteries of […]
Internal heart
A preview of things to come Take a deep breath and relax. Before we consider the development of the heart’s internal anatomy, let’s take stock of a few things we already know. That will give us the confidence to move on! So far in our heart development discussion, we have considered a hollow primitive heart […]
External form of the heart
The arterial end of the primitive heart delivers blood to the paired dorsal aortae—longitudinal vessels on each side of the notochord. The vessels that connect the heart to the dorsal aortae bend around the foregut from ventral to dorsal. These aortic arch arteries pass through swellings in the neck region filled with mesenchyme known as […]
33. Pericardium and heart
Optional Reading Clinically Oriented Anatomy, 8th ed., Overview of mediastinum section through Clinical box: Heart. Would a review be helpful? We already covered the location of the pericardium and heart, the pericardium, and the external anatomy of the heart in the introduction to the thoracic cavity. Internal anatomy of heart Overview of chambers The adult […]
00. The pleura and lungs
Optional Reading Clinically Oriented Anatomy, 8th ed., Viscera of thoracic cavity section through Clinical box: Pleurae, lungs, and tracheobronchial tree; The Developing Human: Clinically Oriented Embryology, 11th ed., chapter 10. Pleural recesses In most areas, the pleural cavity is a “potential” space where the visceral pleura on the lungs touches the parietal pleura on the […]
5. The vertebral column
Optional Reading Clinically Oriented Anatomy, 8th ed., Vertebral Column section (only the sections on intervertebral discs, longitudinal ligaments), Movements of vertebral column, and Curvatures of vertebral column. The vertebral column (“backbone” or “spine”) consists of a series of bones, the vertebrae, firmly connected together by joints and ligaments. The vertebral column is the “axis” of […]
12. The thoracic wall
Optional Reading Clinically Oriented Anatomy, 8th ed., Overview of Thorax section through The bottom line: Muscles and neurovasculature of thoracic wall. The walls surrounding the thoracic cavity are made from layers of muscles and fascia that are reinforced by the thoracic skeleton (“rib cage”). The thoracic wall is cone-shaped; narrower above and wider below. The […]