Exposure to disease
- When experiments are not possible or ethical.
- Cohorts.
- Cohort studies.
- Prospective and historical cohort studies.
- Prospective cohort studies.
- Historical cohort studies using medical databases.
- Case-cohort studies.
- Advantages and disadvantages of cohort studies.
- Absolute risk.
- Attributable risk.
- Relative risk.
- Interpreting attributable and relative risk.
- Population risk.
- Extraneous variables.
- Simple descriptions of risk.
- Working definition.
- Potential confounders.
- Confirming confounding.
- Randomization.
- Restriction.
- Matching.
- Stratification.
- Standardization.
- Multivariable adjustment.
- Overall strategy for control of confounding.
From disease to exposure
- The source population.
- Selecting cases.
- Selecting controls.
- The population approach.
- The cohort approach.
- Hospital and community controls.
- Multiple control groups.
- Multiple controls per case.
- Matching.
- Measuring exposure.
- Multiple exposures.
- Odds ratio calculation.
- Odds ratio as an indirect estimate of relative risk.
- Odds ratio as a direct estimate of relative risk.