Lesson 3. Risk: Exposure to Disease

Headshot of Robert (Bob) Lutz, MD, MPH · Public Health course director
Robert (Bob) Lutz
MD, MPH · Public Health course director
envelope icon
Headshot of Jaime Bowman, MD · Vice Chair, Family Medicine
Jaime Bowman
MD · Vice Chair, Family Medicine
envelope icon
Headshot of Chaise Zozaya, MPH MBA · Course director
Chaise Zozaya
MPH MBA · Course director
envelope icon
Table of Contents
  1. When experiments are not possible or ethical. 
  2. Cohorts. 
  3. Cohort studies. 
  4. Prospective and historical cohort studies. 
  5. Prospective cohort studies. 
  6. Historical cohort studies using medical databases. 
  7. Case-cohort studies. 
  8. Advantages and disadvantages of cohort studies. 
  1. Absolute risk. 
  2. Attributable risk. 
  3. Relative risk. 
  4. Interpreting attributable and relative risk. 
  5. Population risk. 
  1. Extraneous variables. 
  2. Simple descriptions of risk. 
  1. Working definition. 
  2. Potential confounders. 
  3. Confirming confounding. 
  1. Randomization. 
  2. Restriction. 
  3. Matching. 
  4. Stratification. 
  5. Standardization. 
  6. Multivariable adjustment.
  7. Overall strategy for control of confounding. 

From disease to exposure

  1. The source population. 
  2. Selecting cases. 
  3. Selecting controls. 
  4. The population approach. 
  5. The cohort approach. 
  6. Hospital and community controls. 
  7. Multiple control groups. 
  8. Multiple controls per case. 
  9. Matching. 
  10. Measuring exposure. 
  11. Multiple exposures. 
  1. Odds ratio calculation. 
  2. Odds ratio as an indirect estimate of relative risk. 
  3. Odds ratio as a direct estimate of relative risk.